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As we mark the 800th anniversary of the sealing of Magna Carta, Dr Ariel Hessayon from the Department of History explores six common myths associated with the landmark document, and reveals how our shared perception of it owes more to events in the 17th and 18th centuries than the 13th. This article was originally published on HistoryExtra.com in June 2015.

English history is full of myths. That shouldn鈥檛 surprise us, because a large part of modern English national identity is based on what we collectively believe happened in the past, rather than on what actually did 鈥� at least, as far as we can tell.

The job of historians becomes harder still when there are fewer sources to deal with. It鈥檚 also challenging because the sources we do have come loaded with their own sets of problems. Bias, of course, is the best known. But there are others too.

1) It wasn鈥檛 necessarily about rule of law

With Magna Carta, what we are essentially celebrating is the . Whether that power was abused by monarchs, heads of state or politicians amounts to the same thing.

This view has a long history. And it鈥檚 best expressed, I think, by an anonymous pamphleteer who saw himself as the voice of the people: our ancestors had paid a heavy price in blood over hundreds of years to wrest these concessions from the crown, but what they got was part of their birth-right 鈥� namely a 鈥渂razen wall, and impregnable bulwark that defends the common liberty of England from all illegal & destructiveArbitrary Power 飞丑补迟蝉辞别惫别谤鈥�.

Yet it鈥檚 telling that this quotation comes from 1646, during the height of the English Revolution. Because an appeal to this 鈥楥harter of our liberties鈥� reveals how a particular sense of the past was used to great effect in contemporary political struggles at a crucial moment when parliament鈥檚 armies had defeated the royalists on the battlefields of England and Wales, but the way in which the kingdom would be governed was still up for grabs.

Indeed, I鈥檇 go further and suggest that the popular view of Magna Carta largely derives from the ways in which it was mythicised during these 17th-century conflicts; first between parliament and the early Stuart monarchy; and then between those on the winning side.
 

2) It wasn鈥檛 all about 1215

First, the facts: on 15 June 1215, King John granted a series of concessions to his rebellious barons at Runnymede. A formal royal grant based on these agreements became known as Magna Carta. But following John鈥檚 death in October 1216 and the accession of the child Henry III, the 鈥楪reat Charter鈥� .

These changes restored a number of powers to the crown, including the right of taxation. Further changes were introduced in 1217, and again in 1225, when the original 63 chapters were reduced to 37. In 1297 Magna Carta was reconfirmed by Edward I, who directed his justices to administer it as common law.

Although the provisions of the charter became antiquated with the passage of time, they still remained in force. Indeed, they were seen as representing a fundamental and inalienable aspect of the law.
 

3) The document wasn鈥檛 always iconic

The transformation of Magna Carta from an important document into an iconic one was mainly the achievement of one man: the jurist Sir Edward Coke (1552鈥�1634).

It was during a parliamentary debate in 1628, about mooted limitations to the Petition of Right 鈥� another landmark legal concession gained from the Crown 鈥� that Coke declared 鈥�Magna Charta is such a Fellow, that he will have no sovereign鈥�. According to Coke, the charter functioned as the king鈥檚 conscience to check tyrannical impulses. Charles I understood this, and so prevented publication of Coke鈥檚 exhaustive commentary on Magna Carta.

Consequently it remained in manuscript during the author鈥檚 lifetime, and was issued posthumously by order of the long parliament [the English parliament summoned in November 1640 by King Charles I] as the first exposition of The Second Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England (1642).

All the same, it鈥檚 worth emphasising that the charter Coke revered was not the original of 1215, but the amended 1225 version. 

 

4) Not everyone regarded the 鈥楪rand Charter鈥� as every Englishman鈥檚 legal birthright

Coke鈥檚 views influenced a number of prominent lawyers. Echoes of them can be found in the writings of John Lilburne, an irrepressible, argumentative radical whose political movement 鈥� the Levellers 鈥� would be defeated, but whose ideas are still celebrated today.

Initially, Lilburne regarded the 鈥楪rand Charter of England鈥� as every Englishman鈥檚 legal birthright and inheritance; a binding contract purchased by a sea of blood that maintained the boundary between sovereignty and subjection.

His enthusiasm, however, was to be tempered by the arguments of another future Leveller, William Walwyn. In an open letter addressed to Lilburne, published asEnglands Lamentable Slaverie (1645), Walwyn warned that Magna Carta was misnamed: it was a deceitful and improper term to blind the people.

For Walwyn the charter constituted just an aspect of the people鈥檚 rights and liberties that had been wrestled out of the paws of kings. Drawing on another potent myth 鈥� that ever since the Norman Conquest the English people had lived under the weight of an arcane, burdensome and expensive legal system (the so-called 鈥楴orman yoke鈥�) 鈥� he dismissed Magna Carta as but 鈥渁 beggarly thing, containing many marks of intolerable bondage鈥�.

Accordingly, Lilburne conceded that the great charter fell far short of the laws enacted before the conquest by Edmund the Confessor.
 

5) It didn鈥檛 necessarily guarantee trial by jury to all Englishmen

Yet there remained something worth championing: the 29th chapter of the charter of 1225 (clause 39 in the original). For these few words, thought Lilburne, embodied 鈥渢he liberty of the whole English Nation鈥�:

鈥淣o Freeman shall be taken or imprisoned, or disseised of his Free-hold, or Liberties, or free Customes, or be out-lawed, or exiled, or any otherwise destroyed: nor we will not passe upon him, nor condemne him, but by lawfull judgement of his PEERES, or by the law of the land.鈥�

Coke鈥檚 reading of this clause had upheld the principle that commoners could only be convicted by their fellow commoners, or according to the law of the land. Lilburne agreed, citing this interpretation when brought before the House of Lords (he claimed that he could not be tried by peers of the realm, since they were not commoners).

It鈥檚 since become customary to read chapter 29 of Magna Carta as guaranteeing trial by jury to all Englishmen. As was pointed out in scholarly work to mark the 700th anniversary of the charter, however, the traditional interpretation needs to be modified. This is because the original Latin wording is ambiguous. Indeed, Coke鈥檚 interpretation was anachronistic, since he viewed early 13th-century law through a 17th-century lens. If anything, this famous clause confused, rather than clarified, matters.

After all, judgment by peers or by the law of the land was not the same as judgment by peers according to the law of the land.
 

6) It wasn鈥檛 just an English charter

The English Revolution may have ended in failure with the restoration of the Stuart monarchy in 1660. Yet some of its dynamic ideology was transplanted to North America 鈥� both immediately and eventually, by way of the Glorious Revolution of 1688鈥�89.

When the American colonists came into conflict with the British crown, they drew on this heritage in their impassioned rhetoric. So we find the Stamp Act of 1765 denounced by the Massachusetts Assembly as being 鈥渁gainst the Magna Carta and the natural rights of Englishmen鈥�. And the great charter was invoked again in 1779 by John Adams, who would later become second president of the United States: 鈥淚f, in England, there has ever been such a thing as a government of laws, was it not magna charta? And have not our kings broken magna charta thirty times?鈥�

Even today, prominent legal historians have noted that Magna Carta continues to be widely cited in American judicial opinions 鈥� notably in the right to trial by jury; in the right to speedy and adequate justice; and on the question of proportionality in punishment.

Certainly, then, there is much to celebrate on the 800th anniversary of the sealing of Magna Carta: namely vestiges of the 1215 charter that were incorporated into subsequent versions. But we should also accept that our shared perception of Magna Carta owes more to events in the 17th and 18th centuries than the 13th.

Dr Ariel Hessayon is a senior lecturer and deputy head of history at 牛牛资源. He specialises in both early modern Britain and Europe and radical religion and ideas.